ChemWiki - User contributions [en]

It:arsine

2006-12-08T14:26:03Z

Cjg105: /* Arsine */

== Arsine ==
Arsine is a trihydride Arsenic (AsH3) compound that has uses in forensic science, synthesis of organoasenic compund and also as a semi conductor. While used in the detection of arsenic poisoning it is in itself a highly poisonous gas and must be handled with care

'''3-D structure of Arsine''':

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AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 07-Dec-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 H 0 -0.031 -1.499 -0.509 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 As 0 -0.000 -0.000 0.021 0.00 0.00 As+0
ATOM 3 H 0 1.313 0.723 -0.509 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 4 H 0 -1.282 0.776 -0.509 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 3 4 0 NONE 9

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<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| {{{Asenic trihydride}}}

|-
| Other names
| {{{Arsine}}}
|-
| Molecular formula
| {{{AsH<sub>3<sub>}}}
|-
| Molar mass
| {{{77.97}}}
|-
| Appearance
| {{{colourless gas}}}
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Density and phase
| ? g/cm³, ? 
|-
| Melting point
| -62.4°C (210.75 K) 
|-
| [[Boiling point]]
| -116.3°C (156.85 K)
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Structure
|-
| [[Orbital_hybridisation#Molecule_shape|Molecular shape]] 
| ? 
|-
| [[Coordination geometry|Coordination<br />geometry]] 
| ? 
|-
| [[Crystal structure]] 
| ? 
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| ? [[Debye|D]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards 
|-
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] 
|-
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s
| ? 
|-
| [[NFPA 704]]
| 
|-
| [[Flash point]]
| ?°C
|-
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: ? <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?
|-
| [[RTECS]] number
| ?
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc.
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]]
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds
|-
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s 
| ? 
|-
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s 
| ? 
|-
| Related [[?]] 
| ? 
|-
| Related compounds

| ?
|-
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small>
|-
|}
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}

=== Physical Properties ===

At standard room temperature Arsine is a colourless gas, denser than air. It is normally odourless but oxidises easily in the air giving it a vague garlic like odour. It is kinetically stable at room temperature though it decomposes at around 403.15K to its thermodynamically favoured base elements hydrogen and arsenic. This process can be sped up by increased humidity, light levels and the presence of a catalyst (such as aluminium).

Boiling Point = -62.4 oC

Melting Point = -116.3 oC

Density = 1.640 gcm3 (at -62.4 oc)

Bond Angle = 91.8°

=== Marsh Test ===

The Marsh test was a developed by one James Marsh as a means of detecting asenic poisoning. Body parts (typically the stomach) of a victim suspected of arsenic poisoning are reduced by zinc and sulphuric acid. If any arsenic is prsent then it is converted into gaseous Arsine that is fed through a heated tube. This will break down the arsine gas and form a black film of arsenic on the inside of the tube. This method was used during the 19th centuary and up to the middle of the 20th centuary, when it became replaced by more modern methods. The most common method of detection nowadays is neutron activation analysis.

=== Symptoms of exposure ===

Arsenic is posionous due to it's ability to bind with sulpher. It binds with sulpher in enzymes within the body (there are many enzymes containing sulpher) and it inhibits them from working. When tested on rabbits it was found that 2.5mg/kg of blood was a fatal dose.

While at concentrations of over 0.5 ppm a slight garlic odour is observed, much lower concentrations are still very harmful and are virtually undectable.

Upon initial exposure the victim will not suffer any symptoms for a period of up to 24 hours depending on the concentration. Then they will start to suffer symptoms including fever, chills, shivering, thirst, malaise, headache, confusion, shortness of breath, vomiting, diarhea, abdominal pain, red urine, weakness and cramping.

Poisoning may occur as the result of an inductrial accident. In parts of the world such as West Bengal and Bangladesh water supplies often become contaminated with arsenic, causing mass exposure to people living nearby.

=== Possible positive side effects ===

While generally very harmful there have been studies showing that trace amounts of arsenic may be an essential part of a balenced diet. These trace amounts can be found in most shell fish, such as prawns or oysters, and other fish such as plaice.

Roxarsone is a chemical that is given to farm animals to encourage growth. Animals that had arsenic completely removed from their diet have shown to have stunted growth linked to this change

=== References ===

[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/arsine/arsineh.htm]http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/arsine/arsineh.htm

[http://pubs3.acs.org/acs/journals/toc.page?incoden=jacsat&indecade=7&involume=59&inissue=] ''Johnson Warren C, American chemistry society journals 1937 Volume 59''

[http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=JCPSA6000122000017174310000001&idtype=cvips&prog=normal]
''Yockel Scott, Journal of Chemical Physics 2005 V122(17) P174310/1-174310/14''

[http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic920.htm]http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic920.htm

It:Furosemide

2006-12-08T14:05:00Z

Cjg105: /* Structures */

=Furosemide=
==Structures==
[[Image:furosemide.png]]

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TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57
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==Chemical Information==
{| border="1"
|-
!Systematic Name
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid
|-
!Molecular Formula
|C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>ClO<sub>5</sub>S
|-
!Brand names
|Aisemide<sup>®</sup>, Beronald<sup>®</sup>, Desdemin<sup>®</sup>, Discoid<sup>®</sup>, Diural<sup>®</sup>, Diurapid<sup>®</sup>, Dryptal<sup>®</sup>, Durafurid<sup>®</sup>, Errolon<sup>®</sup>, Eutensin<sup>®</sup>, Frusetic<sup>®</sup>, Frusid<sup>®</sup>, Fulsix<sup>®</sup>, Fuluvamide<sup>®</sup>, Furesis<sup>®</sup>, Furo-Puren<sup>®</sup>, Furosedon<sup>®</sup>, Hydro-rapid<sup>®</sup>, Impugan<sup>®</sup>, Katlex<sup>®</sup>, Lasilix<sup>®</sup>, Lasix<sup>®</sup>, Lowpston<sup>®</sup>, Macasirool<sup>®</sup>, Mirfat<sup>®</sup>, Nicorol<sup>®</sup>, Odemase<sup>®</sup>, Oedemex<sup>®</sup>, Profemin<sup>®</sup>, Rosemide<sup>®</sup>, Rusyde<sup>®</sup>, Trofurit<sup>®</sup>, and Urex<sup>®</sup>[http://www.furosemide.com/ [3]]
|}

==What is Furosemide==
Furosemide is a loop diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production. It stops the body from absorbing to much salt. This means that the salt is then passed out of the body.

Furosemide can be used to treat:
*congestive heart failure
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)
*acute and chronic kidney failure
*cirrhosis
*nephrotic syndrome
It is a white tablet which is taken orally

==How Does Furosemide Work?==
Loop diuretics encourage the kidneys to remove more water from the blood and pass it into the urine therefore more urine is produced. This process reduces the volume of blood circulating in the body, which decreases the workload on the heart. At the same time, diuretics cause fluid to be drawn out of the tissues that are overloaded.

Loop diuretics cause the kidneys to filter out more sodium and potassium, which means that water is drawn out with them. The body automatically keeps the amount of water in the blood and in the tissues equal. This means that when water is removed from the blood, water is drawn out of the tissues to dilute the blood and the symptoms of fluid overload are relieved.

Furosemide causes a large increase in urine output (diuresis). This diuretic effect can cause depletion of water and electrolytes in the body. Careful medical supervision during treatment is therefore necessary.[http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/medicine/loop_diuretics.html#top 4]

==Side effects==
The common side effects for furosemide are:
*water and electrolyte depletion
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]
*low blood pressure.
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity

Less common side effects are:
*jaundice
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)
*rash
*pancreatitis
*nausea
*abdominal pain
*dizziness
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]

==When should Furosemide not be taken?==
Furosemide should not be taken if you have any of the following:
* an allergy to sulfa medicines
* kidney disease
* liver disease
* diabetes mellitus
* gout
It is not known if an unborn baby would be affected by the drug. [http://health.yahoo.com/drug/d00070a1#d00070a1-nottake 5]

==References==
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html

2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm

3.http://www.furosemide.com/

4.http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/medicine/loop_diuretics.html#top

5.http://health.yahoo.com/drug/d00070a1#d00070a1-nottake

It:Ferrocene

2006-12-08T14:04:13Z

Cjg105: /* Structure */

Ferrocene is an organomettalic compound of a type known as sandwich compounds. The name is because the central metal atom is bound between two cyclopentadienyl rings like the filling of a sandwich. The chemical formula of this compound is Fe(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''Ferrocene'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:FerroceneDraw.bmp|thumb|An iron centre surrounded by two cyclopentadiene rings]]
|-
!{{chembox header}}| General
|-
! Systematic Chemical name
| bis(?5-cyclopentadienyl)iron(II)
|-
!Synonyms
| Ferrocene, iron cyclopentadienyl
|-
!Chemical formula
| C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>10</sub>Fe
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 186.04 amu
|-
!{{chembox header}}| Physical Properties
|-
!Solubility
|Soluble in organic solvents. Insoluble in water
|-
!Melting Point
|174 –176°C (447–449 K)
|-
!Boiling Point
|249 °C (522 K)
|-
!Density
|1,490 g/m3 (20 °C)
|-
|}

== Structure ==

[[Image:Ferrocene.jpg]]

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11 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
8.7690 9.6516 -0.1910 Fe 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
9.4305 10.9070 0.9015 C 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.6682 11.2032 -0.8327 C 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
7.2426 10.7683 0.1163 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
7.8895 10.9970 -1.0578 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
9.5712 7.9079 -0.0581 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
8.7504 8.0104 -1.1574 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
7.6268 8.6166 0.8237 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
7.2628 8.5782 -0.9293 C 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
8.8478 8.2759 1.1499 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
8.1252 10.7293 1.2377 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
1 2 1 0 0 0
1 3 1 0 0 0
1 4 1 0 0 0
1 5 1 0 0 0
1 6 1 0 0 0
1 7 1 0 0 0
1 8 1 0 0 0
1 9 1 0 0 0
1 10 1 0 0 0
1 11 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 11 2 0 0 0
3 5 1 0 0 0
4 5 2 0 0 0
4 11 1 0 0 0
6 7 2 0 0 0
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7 9 1 0 0 0
8 9 1 0 0 0
8 10 2 0 0 0
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Above: 3D structure of ferrocene

Ferrocene is famous for its 'sandwich structure'. This is where the two cyclopentadiene molecules are situated above and below the iron centre, with the bonding occuring via the pi-electrons of the aromatic rings, which are shared with the central iron ion. This delocalised configuration of electrons is particularly stable. X-Ray diffraction in 1952 by Fisher showed that the cylopentadiene rings are staggered.

== History ==

Ernst Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson (Inorganic Chemist at Imperial College, London) were awarded the Nobel prize for Chemistry in 1974 for his work in determining the structure of ferrocene. This was for work done 20 years earlier starting in 1952(ref 2), after the compound had first been synthesised in December 1951 by T.J. Kealy and P.L. Pauson (ref 3).

=== IR Spectrum ===
[[Image:vlirspectrumferrocene.gif]]

Above: IR spectrum of ferrocene (ref 1)

=== Mass Spectrum ===
[[Image:vlmassspectrumferrocene.jpg]]

Above: mass spectrum of ferrocene (ref 4)

== Chemical Reactions ==

Ferrocene's characteristic chemical property is that it can do one-electron oxidation reactions at low potentials. Oxidation reactions often use Ferrocenium salts as the oxidant because the redox product of these reactions is ferrocene itself. This is inert enough that it can be readily removed from the desired products.

Apart from this, Ferrocene is also capable of undergoing Friedel-Crafts reactions in the same manner as a regular aromatic compound.

It can also be deprotonated by a strong base such as an organolithium compound. This will result in 1,1'-dilithioferrocene (Chemical Formula:Fe(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>4</sub>Li<sub>2</sub>)which is a powerful nucleophile.

== Physical Properties ==

Ferrocene is an yellow-orange solid that stable in air. Ferrocene is soluble in organic solvents but is insoluble in water. Ferrocene will sublime in a vacuum

==Uses of Ferrocene==

Because ferrocene will sublime easily in a vaccuum, it is often used to deposit fullerenes. Apart from this, most of the uses involve ferrocene derivatives rather than ferrocene itself.

Ferrocene can be used in diesel to prevent soot production and in petrol as an anti-knocking agent (it increases the fuels octane rating, meaning that it makes them less likely to detonate early, causing damage to an engine). It is considered safer to use than, for example, Tetra-ethyl lead, but can lead to other problems over time (i.e. sparkplug failure).

Certain salts of ferrocene are being used in experimental anti-cancer drugs including Tamoxifen which is used as a treatment for breast cancer.

It is possible to use ferrocenyl phosphines as ligand scaffolds in reactions catalysed by transition-metals.

==References==

1. Data provided by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Japan)

2. Wilkinson and Woodward( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 2125)

3. T.J. Kealy and P.L. Pauson (Nature, 15/12/51)

4. Spectral data provided by Wiley Subscription Services, Inc. (US)

5. "Hazardous Substances Data Bank" data are provided by the National Library of Medicine (US)

--[[User:Jtm05|Jtm05]] 12:14, 27 October 2006 (BST)

--[[User:Vl105|Vl105]] 11:50, 27 October 2006 (BST)

It:Retinal

2006-12-08T13:58:11Z

Cjg105: /* Structure of Cis-Retinal */

__toc__

'''Retinal''', also known as retinaldehyde or retinene<sub>1</sub> is the most important molecule associated with vision. Retinal changes structure when it is exposed to light, essentially transferring the energy from the light it absorbs to an electrical impulse in the retina of the eye, which is then passed along the optic nerve to the central nervous system to be processed. All vision systems operate in this manner, so Retinal is resposible for all vision. Retinal is a retinine molecule that exists as two different isomers - 11-cis retinal and all-trans retinal.

== Structure of Cis-Retinal ==

{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="lt blue"|'''2D Structure'''
| align="center" bgcolor="lt blue"|'''3D Structure'''
|-
| [[image:Cis-RetinalSo.gif]]
|<jmol>
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ATOM 1 O 0 -4.284 3.090 -0.370 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 -4.565 2.093 0.267 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 H 0 -5.014 2.185 1.244 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 4 C 0 -4.301 0.826 -0.264 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 H 0 -3.848 0.734 -1.240 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 6 C 0 -4.620 -0.304 0.458 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -5.252 -0.175 1.820 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 H 0 -5.510 -1.165 2.196 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 9 H 0 -4.549 0.302 2.503 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 10 H 0 -6.155 0.431 1.745 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 11 C 0 -4.356 -1.571 -0.074 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 H 0 -5.156 -2.288 -0.184 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -3.075 -1.905 -0.455 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 -2.888 -2.841 -0.961 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -2.013 -1.030 -0.187 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 H 0 -2.209 -0.062 0.250 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -0.732 -1.401 -0.480 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -0.460 -2.751 -1.091 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 H 0 0.617 -2.905 -1.166 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 -0.895 -3.529 -0.463 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.903 -2.796 -2.086 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 C 0 0.332 -0.523 -0.212 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 23 H 0 0.148 0.407 0.306 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 C 0 1.593 -0.845 -0.603 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 25 H 0 1.769 -1.745 -1.174 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 C 0 2.679 0.001 -0.262 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 27 C 0 2.629 1.266 -0.646 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 28 C 0 1.416 1.729 -1.413 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 29 H 0 0.676 2.124 -0.718 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 1.708 2.509 -2.116 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 0.989 0.888 -1.959 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 C 0 3.711 2.266 -0.361 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 33 H 0 4.301 2.427 -1.263 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 3.259 3.209 -0.052 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 C 0 4.621 1.753 0.756 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 36 H 0 4.080 1.760 1.702 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 5.501 2.391 0.833 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 C 0 5.048 0.319 0.417 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 39 H 0 5.449 0.286 -0.595 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 5.809 -0.013 1.124 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 C 0 3.817 -0.587 0.519 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 42 C 0 3.414 -0.733 1.988 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 43 H 0 3.178 0.249 2.399 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 44 H 0 2.538 -1.377 2.062 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 45 H 0 4.238 -1.173 2.549 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 46 C 0 4.155 -1.967 -0.050 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 47 H 0 4.922 -2.436 0.566 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 48 H 0 3.260 -2.589 -0.051 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 49 H 0 4.524 -1.859 -1.070 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 0 0 0 NONE 54
CONECT 2 1 3 4 0 NONE 55
CONECT 4 2 5 6 0 NONE 56
CONECT 6 4 7 11 0 NONE 57
CONECT 7 6 8 9 10 NONE 58
CONECT 11 6 12 13 0 NONE 59
CONECT 13 11 14 15 0 NONE 60
CONECT 15 13 16 17 0 NONE 61
CONECT 17 15 18 22 0 NONE 62
CONECT 18 17 19 20 21 NONE 63
CONECT 22 17 23 24 0 NONE 64
CONECT 24 22 25 26 0 NONE 65
CONECT 26 24 41 27 0 NONE 66
CONECT 27 26 28 32 0 NONE 67
CONECT 28 27 29 30 31 NONE 68
CONECT 32 27 33 34 35 NONE 69
CONECT 35 32 36 37 38 NONE 70
CONECT 38 35 39 40 41 NONE 71
CONECT 41 38 26 42 46 NONE 72
CONECT 42 41 43 44 45 NONE 73
CONECT 46 41 47 48 49 NONE 74
END NONE 75
NONE 70
</inlineContents>
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== Properties of Cis-Retinal and Trans-Retinal ==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="fix : right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
| align="center" colspan="1" bgcolor="lt blue"|
| align="center" colspan="1" bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Properties of Cis-Retinal'''
| align="center" colspan="1" bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Properties of Trans-Retinal'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="white"|'''General properties'''
|-
| Chemical name
| align="center"|(11Z)-retinal
| align="center"|...
|-
| Chemical formula
| align="center"|C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>28</sub>O
| align="center"|C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>28</sub>O
|-
| Molecular mass
| align="center"|284 g/mol
| align="center"|284 g/mol
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="white"|'''Physical properties'''
|-
| Melting point
| align="center"|... °C
| align="center"|... °C
|-
| Boiling point
| align="center"|... °C
| align="center"|... °C
|-
| Appearance
| align="center"|...
| align="center"|...
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="white" |'''Miscelleneous'''
|-
| SMILES
| align="center"|CC1(C)C(/C=C/C(C)=C/C=C\C(C)=C\C=O)
=C(C)CCC1
| align="center"|CC1(C)C(/C=C/C(C)=C/C=C/C(C)=C/C=O)
=C(C)CCC1
|-
|}

==Structure of all-trans retinal==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="lt blue"|'''2D Structure'''
| align="center" bgcolor="lt blue"|'''3D Structure'''
|-
|[[Image:AllTransRetinal.gif]]
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>350</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; bns on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY BOKSEZ
COMPND UNNAMED
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST
CRYST1 14.761 8.292 15.210 90.00 102.40 90.00 P 21/n 4
ATOM 1 O1 UNK 0 1 8.800 1.137 3.735 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 O2 UNK 0 1 -3.642 0.109 -1.855 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C1 UNK 0 1 7.236 4.986 3.316 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 C2 UNK 0 1 7.808 4.433 4.641 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C3 UNK 0 1 8.881 3.407 4.434 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C4 UNK 0 1 8.402 2.292 3.586 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C5 UNK 0 1 7.434 2.593 2.496 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C6 UNK 0 1 6.851 3.816 2.410 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C7 UNK 0 1 5.849 4.111 1.365 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 C8 UNK 0 1 4.735 3.412 1.188 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 C9 UNK 0 1 3.695 3.741 0.202 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 C10 UNK 0 1 2.601 2.943 0.227 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C11 UNK 0 1 1.409 3.020 -0.654 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C12 UNK 0 1 0.394 2.212 -0.535 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C13 UNK 0 1 -0.769 2.174 -1.450 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 C14 UNK 0 1 -1.684 1.256 -1.236 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C15 UNK 0 1 -2.881 0.999 -2.043 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 C16 UNK 0 1 7.167 1.427 1.567 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 C17 UNK 0 1 5.974 5.755 3.760 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 C18 UNK 0 1 8.204 5.906 2.607 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 C19 UNK 0 1 3.919 4.853 -0.787 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 C20 UNK 0 1 -0.796 3.178 -2.557 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 H1 UNK 0 1 6.939 4.113 5.229 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 H2 UNK 0 1 8.383 5.232 5.110 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 H3 UNK 0 1 9.085 3.458 5.274 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 H4 UNK 0 1 9.452 3.930 3.803 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 H5 UNK 0 1 6.133 4.784 0.772 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 H6 UNK 0 1 4.476 2.728 1.797 1.00 0.00
ATOM 29 H7 UNK 0 1 2.453 2.222 0.995 1.00 0.00
ATOM 30 H8 UNK 0 1 1.583 3.856 -1.292 1.00 0.00
ATOM 31 H9 UNK 0 1 0.154 1.750 0.238 1.00 0.00
ATOM 32 H10 UNK 0 1 -1.746 0.871 -0.520 1.00 0.00
ATOM 33 H11 UNK 0 1 -2.722 1.857 -2.659 1.00 0.00
ATOM 34 H12 UNK 0 1 5.584 6.194 3.134 1.00 0.00
ATOM 35 H13 UNK 0 1 5.249 5.174 4.323 1.00 0.00
ATOM 36 H14 UNK 0 1 6.345 6.509 4.442 1.00 0.00
ATOM 37 H15 UNK 0 1 7.632 6.136 2.080 1.00 0.00
ATOM 38 H16 UNK 0 1 9.036 5.224 2.674 1.00 0.00
ATOM 39 H17 UNK 0 1 8.192 0.796 1.411 1.00 0.00
ATOM 40 H18 UNK 0 1 6.845 1.683 0.891 1.00 0.00
ATOM 41 H19 UNK 0 1 6.601 0.730 1.664 1.00 0.00
ATOM 42 H20 UNK 0 1 3.287 5.000 -1.055 1.00 0.00
ATOM 43 H21 UNK 0 1 3.641 5.431 -0.312 1.00 0.00
ATOM 44 H22 UNK 0 1 4.744 4.677 -1.233 1.00 0.00
ATOM 45 H23 UNK 0 1 -1.169 2.952 -3.075 1.00 0.00
ATOM 46 H24 UNK 0 1 -1.270 3.988 -2.080 1.00 0.00
ATOM 47 H25 UNK 0 1 -0.054 3.018 -3.313 1.00 0.00
CONECT 1 6
CONECT 2 17
CONECT 3 4 8 19 20
CONECT 4 3 5 23 24
CONECT 5 4 6 25 26
CONECT 6 1 5 7
CONECT 7 6 8 18
CONECT 8 3 7 9
CONECT 9 8 10 27
CONECT 10 9 11 28
CONECT 11 10 12 21
CONECT 12 11 13 29
CONECT 13 12 14 30
CONECT 14 13 15 31
CONECT 15 14 16 22
CONECT 16 15 17 32
CONECT 17 2 16 33
CONECT 18 7 39 40 41
CONECT 19 3 34 35 36
CONECT 20 3 37 38
CONECT 21 11 42 43 44
CONECT 22 15 45 46 47
CONECT 23 4
CONECT 24 4
CONECT 25 5
CONECT 26 5
CONECT 27 9
CONECT 28 10
CONECT 29 12
CONECT 30 13
CONECT 31 14
CONECT 32 16
CONECT 33 17
CONECT 34 19
CONECT 35 19
CONECT 36 19
CONECT 37 20
CONECT 38 20
CONECT 39 18
CONECT 40 18
CONECT 41 18
CONECT 42 21
CONECT 43 21
CONECT 44 21
CONECT 45 22
CONECT 46 22
CONECT 47 22
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 47 0
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor=""|[http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/wiki/index.php/Image:Trans-retinal.cdx ChemDraw 3D structure]
|}

==The role of retinal in the vision process==

The molecule that takes part in the vision process is rhodopsin which consists of 11-cis retinal and protein opsin. Retinal is a Vitamin A derivative. When there is no light present the 11-cis retinal has a bent configuration and is attached to the retinal molecule in a stable arrangement. When light strikes the retina, the retinal molecule absorbs a photon into one of the pi-bonds between the 11th and 12th carbon atoms, hence the 11 cis retinal is transfformed into the all trans retinal.

[[Image:RetinalConversion.png]]

{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Structure A'''
| align="center" bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Structure B'''
|-
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>250</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk ;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY CRETAL01
COMPND UNNAMED
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST
CRYST1 13.180 7.499 17.803 90.00 95.66 90.00 P 21/n 4
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 3.279 5.402 15.975 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 4.046 6.337 15.055 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 3.501 7.731 15.036 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 2.048 7.716 14.547 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 1.242 6.570 15.071 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 1.742 5.525 15.720 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 0.960 4.412 16.249 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 -0.096 3.785 15.688 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 -0.891 2.748 16.260 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 -2.039 2.359 15.656 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 C11 UNK 0 1 -2.995 1.432 16.171 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 C12 UNK 0 1 -4.118 0.952 15.603 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C13 UNK 0 1 -4.579 1.155 14.210 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C14 UNK 0 1 -3.772 1.162 13.168 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C15 UNK 0 1 -4.144 1.290 11.748 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 O1 UNK 0 1 -3.417 1.200 10.832 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 -0.251 6.757 14.825 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 3.537 5.722 17.465 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 3.755 3.989 15.704 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 -0.446 2.130 17.555 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 -6.097 1.275 14.125 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 H1 UNK 0 1 4.961 6.299 15.236 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 H2 UNK 0 1 4.033 6.074 13.960 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 H3 UNK 0 1 3.361 8.099 16.086 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 H4 UNK 0 1 4.112 8.346 14.368 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 H5 UNK 0 1 1.613 8.609 14.846 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 H6 UNK 0 1 2.096 8.271 13.429 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 H7 UNK 0 1 1.167 4.027 17.220 1.00 0.00
ATOM 29 H8 UNK 0 1 -0.283 4.132 14.828 1.00 0.00
ATOM 30 H9 UNK 0 1 -2.166 2.700 14.811 1.00 0.00
ATOM 31 H10 UNK 0 1 -2.959 1.140 17.220 1.00 0.00
ATOM 32 H11 UNK 0 1 -4.766 0.337 16.175 1.00 0.00
ATOM 33 H12 UNK 0 1 -2.863 1.012 13.199 1.00 0.00
ATOM 34 H13 UNK 0 1 -5.051 1.500 11.604 1.00 0.00
ATOM 35 H14 UNK 0 1 -0.500 7.641 14.882 1.00 0.00
ATOM 36 H15 UNK 0 1 -0.354 6.404 13.677 1.00 0.00
ATOM 37 H16 UNK 0 1 -0.828 6.374 15.537 1.00 0.00
ATOM 38 H17 UNK 0 1 4.443 5.482 17.539 1.00 0.00
ATOM 39 H18 UNK 0 1 3.171 6.749 17.876 1.00 0.00
ATOM 40 H19 UNK 0 1 2.971 5.092 18.159 1.00 0.00
ATOM 41 H20 UNK 0 1 3.359 3.330 16.246 1.00 0.00
ATOM 42 H21 UNK 0 1 3.564 3.712 14.704 1.00 0.00
ATOM 43 H22 UNK 0 1 4.832 3.967 15.608 1.00 0.00
ATOM 44 H23 UNK 0 1 0.526 2.025 17.433 1.00 0.00
ATOM 45 H24 UNK 0 1 -0.489 2.700 18.230 1.00 0.00
ATOM 46 H25 UNK 0 1 -1.006 1.387 18.000 1.00 0.00
ATOM 47 H26 UNK 0 1 -6.646 0.300 14.793 1.00 0.00
ATOM 48 H27 UNK 0 1 -6.440 2.100 14.580 1.00 0.00
ATOM 49 H28 UNK 0 1 -6.271 1.320 13.269 1.00 0.00
CONECT 1 2 6 18 19
CONECT 2 1 3 22 23
CONECT 3 2 4 24 25
CONECT 4 3 5 26 27
CONECT 5 4 6 17
CONECT 6 1 5 7
CONECT 7 6 8 28
CONECT 8 7 9 29
CONECT 9 8 10 20
CONECT 10 9 11 30
CONECT 11 10 12 31
CONECT 12 11 13 32
CONECT 13 12 14 21
CONECT 14 13 15 33
CONECT 15 14 16 34
CONECT 16 15
CONECT 17 5 35 36 37
CONECT 18 1 38 39 40
CONECT 19 1 41 42 43
CONECT 20 9 44 45 46
CONECT 21 13 47 48 49
CONECT 22 2
CONECT 23 2
CONECT 24 3
CONECT 25 3
CONECT 26 4
CONECT 27 4
CONECT 28 7
CONECT 29 8
CONECT 30 10
CONECT 31 11
CONECT 32 12
CONECT 33 14
CONECT 34 15
CONECT 35 17
CONECT 36 17
CONECT 37 17
CONECT 38 18
CONECT 39 18
CONECT 40 18
CONECT 41 19
CONECT 42 19
CONECT 43 19
CONECT 44 20
CONECT 45 20
CONECT 46 20
CONECT 47 21
CONECT 48 21
CONECT 49 21
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 0 49 0
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>250</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; bns on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY BOKSEZ
COMPND UNNAMED
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST
CRYST1 14.761 8.292 15.210 90.00 102.40 90.00 P 21/n 4
ATOM 1 O1 UNK 0 1 8.800 1.137 3.735 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 O2 UNK 0 1 -3.642 0.109 -1.855 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C1 UNK 0 1 7.236 4.986 3.316 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 C2 UNK 0 1 7.808 4.433 4.641 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C3 UNK 0 1 8.881 3.407 4.434 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C4 UNK 0 1 8.402 2.292 3.586 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C5 UNK 0 1 7.434 2.593 2.496 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C6 UNK 0 1 6.851 3.816 2.410 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C7 UNK 0 1 5.849 4.111 1.365 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 C8 UNK 0 1 4.735 3.412 1.188 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 C9 UNK 0 1 3.695 3.741 0.202 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 C10 UNK 0 1 2.601 2.943 0.227 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C11 UNK 0 1 1.409 3.020 -0.654 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C12 UNK 0 1 0.394 2.212 -0.535 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C13 UNK 0 1 -0.769 2.174 -1.450 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 C14 UNK 0 1 -1.684 1.256 -1.236 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C15 UNK 0 1 -2.881 0.999 -2.043 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 C16 UNK 0 1 7.167 1.427 1.567 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 C17 UNK 0 1 5.974 5.755 3.760 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 C18 UNK 0 1 8.204 5.906 2.607 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 C19 UNK 0 1 3.919 4.853 -0.787 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 C20 UNK 0 1 -0.796 3.178 -2.557 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 H1 UNK 0 1 6.939 4.113 5.229 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 H2 UNK 0 1 8.383 5.232 5.110 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 H3 UNK 0 1 9.085 3.458 5.274 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 H4 UNK 0 1 9.452 3.930 3.803 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 H5 UNK 0 1 6.133 4.784 0.772 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 H6 UNK 0 1 4.476 2.728 1.797 1.00 0.00
ATOM 29 H7 UNK 0 1 2.453 2.222 0.995 1.00 0.00
ATOM 30 H8 UNK 0 1 1.583 3.856 -1.292 1.00 0.00
ATOM 31 H9 UNK 0 1 0.154 1.750 0.238 1.00 0.00
ATOM 32 H10 UNK 0 1 -1.746 0.871 -0.520 1.00 0.00
ATOM 33 H11 UNK 0 1 -2.722 1.857 -2.659 1.00 0.00
ATOM 34 H12 UNK 0 1 5.584 6.194 3.134 1.00 0.00
ATOM 35 H13 UNK 0 1 5.249 5.174 4.323 1.00 0.00
ATOM 36 H14 UNK 0 1 6.345 6.509 4.442 1.00 0.00
ATOM 37 H15 UNK 0 1 7.632 6.136 2.080 1.00 0.00
ATOM 38 H16 UNK 0 1 9.036 5.224 2.674 1.00 0.00
ATOM 39 H17 UNK 0 1 8.192 0.796 1.411 1.00 0.00
ATOM 40 H18 UNK 0 1 6.845 1.683 0.891 1.00 0.00
ATOM 41 H19 UNK 0 1 6.601 0.730 1.664 1.00 0.00
ATOM 42 H20 UNK 0 1 3.287 5.000 -1.055 1.00 0.00
ATOM 43 H21 UNK 0 1 3.641 5.431 -0.312 1.00 0.00
ATOM 44 H22 UNK 0 1 4.744 4.677 -1.233 1.00 0.00
ATOM 45 H23 UNK 0 1 -1.169 2.952 -3.075 1.00 0.00
ATOM 46 H24 UNK 0 1 -1.270 3.988 -2.080 1.00 0.00
ATOM 47 H25 UNK 0 1 -0.054 3.018 -3.313 1.00 0.00
CONECT 1 6
CONECT 2 17
CONECT 3 4 8 19 20
CONECT 4 3 5 23 24
CONECT 5 4 6 25 26
CONECT 6 1 5 7
CONECT 7 6 8 18
CONECT 8 3 7 9
CONECT 9 8 10 27
CONECT 10 9 11 28
CONECT 11 10 12 21
CONECT 12 11 13 29
CONECT 13 12 14 30
CONECT 14 13 15 31
CONECT 15 14 16 22
CONECT 16 15 17 32
CONECT 17 2 16 33
CONECT 18 7 39 40 41
CONECT 19 3 34 35 36
CONECT 20 3 37 38
CONECT 21 11 42 43 44
CONECT 22 15 45 46 47
CONECT 23 4
CONECT 24 4
CONECT 25 5
CONECT 26 5
CONECT 27 9
CONECT 28 10
CONECT 29 12
CONECT 30 13
CONECT 31 14
CONECT 32 16
CONECT 33 17
CONECT 34 19
CONECT 35 19
CONECT 36 19
CONECT 37 20
CONECT 38 20
CONECT 39 18
CONECT 40 18
CONECT 41 18
CONECT 42 21
CONECT 43 21
CONECT 44 21
CONECT 45 22
CONECT 46 22
CONECT 47 22
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 47 0
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}

==Synthesis of Rhodopsin==
[[Image:Synthesis_of_rhodopsin.gif]]

==Effects of Bunazosin on ocular circulation and retinal neuronal damage==

By applying bunazosin hydrochloride into a healthy humans, it increases the blood velocity in the optic nerve head(ONH),retina and choroid, without changing either heart rate and blood pressure dramaticallt. This drug was also applied to rabbits and rats, giving positive results. These shows that bunazosin hydrochloride have improvement effect both in the ocular circulation and a direct neuroprotective effct. Therefore, it may be useful to use bunazosin hydrochloride as a therapeutic drug against retinal diseases which is associated with the ocular circulation.

== References ==

*Beilstein Data: Copyright (c) 1988-2006, Beilstein institut zur Foerderung der Chemischen Wissenschaften licensed to Beilstein GmBH and MDL information systems GmbH

*1.Chang, Raymond (1998). Chemistry, 6th Ed.. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-115221-0.
*2. Feynman, Richard (1985). QED - The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691024170.
*3.Hara, Hideaki / Ichikawa, Masaki / Oku, Hidehiro / Shimazawa, Masamitsu / Araie, Makoto, Cardiovascular drug reviews, Apr 2005

It:Crystal Meth

2006-12-08T13:57:21Z

Cjg105: /* '''Methamphetamine''' */

= '''Methamphetamine''' =
Methamphetamine (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>15</sub>N) or chrystal meth as is most commmonly known, is an intensive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant psychostimulant] and belongs in the family of drugs known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamines amphetamines].There are two forms of methamphetamine, the D-form and the L-form. The D-form is the drug known as "speed" whereas the L form of the drug is a decongestant used in the U.S Vicks inhaler. Its pharmaceutical form Desoxyn is used to treat [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcolepsy narcolepsy], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_Deficit_Disorder ADD/ADHD ] and exogenous obesity.
The drug works directly on the brain and spinal cord by interfering with normal neurotransmission with the main [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter neurotransmitter] to be affected being [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine dopamine] .

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| Methamphetamine'''

|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Image:chrysmeth.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-

| [[IUPAC name]]
| ''(S)-N-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-2-amine''
|-
| [[Other names]]
| Desoxyn; Methedrine;speed; meth; chalk; Christina or Tina; ice; crank; L.A; snot
|-
| [[CAS number]]
| 537-46-2
|-
| [[Pub Chem]]
| 1206
|-

| [[Chemical formula]]
| C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>15</sub>N
|-
| [[Molecular mass]]
| {{{mol_mass|149.2 g/mol
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |Properties
|-

| Melting point
|170-175°C[http://www.chemblink.com/products/162011-90-7.htm (m)]
|-
| Density
|0.907 ± 0.06 g/cm3 ]
|-

| [[H2O Solubility]]
| Soluble
|-
| [[Apperance]]
| White crystalline powder
|-
| [[Half Life]]
| 4-8 hours
|-
| 3D structure
|
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<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
ATOM 1 C 0 3.165 -1.073 0.136 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 2 C 0 1.806 -0.423 -0.135 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 H 0 1.557 -0.528 -1.191 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 4 N 0 1.866 1.002 0.214 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 5 C 0 2.406 1.702 -0.959 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 0.734 -1.112 0.712 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.621 -0.556 0.356 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -1.366 -1.144 -0.649 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -2.609 -0.635 -0.976 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -3.107 0.462 -0.298 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 C 0 -2.362 1.049 0.707 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -1.121 0.537 1.037 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 H 0 3.413 -0.968 1.192 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.120 -2.130 -0.123 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 3.929 -0.582 -0.468 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 0.913 1.314 0.325 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 3.400 1.316 -1.186 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 1.749 1.540 -1.813 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 2.470 2.769 -0.747 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 0.750 -2.184 0.517 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 0.934 -0.931 1.768 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.978 -2.001 -1.179 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.191 -1.094 -1.762 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -4.077 0.860 -0.554 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.750 1.907 1.237 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 -0.539 0.996 1.823 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 13 14 15 NONE 31
CONECT 2 1 3 4 6 NONE 32
CONECT 4 2 5 16 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 17 18 19 NONE 34
CONECT 6 2 7 20 21 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 12 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 9 22 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 23 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 24 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 12 25 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 11 7 26 0 NONE 41
END NONE 42
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|-
|}

=='''History'''==
Methamphetamine was originally discovered in Japan in 1919 following the synthesis of amphetamine in Germany in 1887 . As its crystalline powdery form was readily soluble in water, it was ideal for injection. Widespread use of the substance began during World War II where amphetamines were widely used to keep the fighting men going (during the Vietnam war, American soldiers used more amphetamines than the rest of the world did during WWII!). Even Adolph Hitler is rumoured to have received injections of the substance. In Japan, intravenous methamphetamine abuse reached epidemic proportions immediately after [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war_ii World War II] when supplies stored for military use became available to the public. The substance became readily available in the United States in the form of manufactured tablets of methamphetamine (Methedrine) in the 1950s.User groups included college students, truck drivers, and athletes, meking the abuse of methamphetamine a common phenomenon.Methamphetamine the derivative of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine amphetamine]was widely prescribed in the 1950s and 1960s as a medication for depression and obesity, reaching a peak of 31 million prescriptions in the United States in 1967

In the 1970s however its use decreased greatly as the 1970 Controlled Substances Act severely restricted the legal production of injectable methamphetamine.

Until the late 1980s, illicit use and manufacture of methamphetamine was mainly restricted to California, but the user population has broadened in nature and in ''regional distribution'', with increased use occurring in midwestern states. An estimated 4.7 million Americans (2.1% of the U.S. population) have tried methamphetamine at some time in their lives.It is still legally produced in the U.S., sold under the trade name Desoxyn.

[[Image:Ice.jpg]]

=='''Production'''==
Cold and asthma medications containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, red phosphorous, hydrochloric acid, drain cleaner, battery acid, lye, lantern fuel, and antifreeze are among the ingredients most commonly used for the synthesis of crystal meth.

Secret production accounts for almost all of the methamphetamine trafficked and abused in the United States. The illicit manufacture of methamphetamine can be accomplished in a variety of ways, but is produced most commonly using the ephedrine / pseudoephedrine reduction method (see below). Large-scale production of methamphetamine using this method is dependent on ready access to bulk quantities of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine.

'''Ephedrine Reduction'''

C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-(CHOH)-CH(NHCH<sub>3</sub>)-CH<sub>3</sub> + HI =====> C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-(CHI)-CH(NHCH<sub>3</sub>)-CH<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2O</sub>

C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-(CHI)-CH(NHCH<sub>3</sub>)-CH<sub>3</sub> + HI =====> C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH(NHCH<sub>3</sub>)-CH<sub>3</sub> + I<sub>2</sub>

''A chrystal Meth lab or 'Pop and Mom' lab as is commonly known''
[[Image:Methamphetamine laboratory.jpg]]

=='''Action'''==
Ice induces a profound sense of euphoria in the user by blocking the reuptake, and stimulating the release, of dopamine and noradrenaline in the central nervous system. Unlike base cocaine, smoking meth will extend its effects for up to 24 hrs per ingestion. This form of methamphetamine is known as snot .
Crystal meth increases arousal in the central nervous system by pumping up levels of two neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and dopamine.

'''''Methamphetamine use'':'''

-increases heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and rate of breathing

-produces extra energy and stamina, an increased libido, a sense of invulnerability (exhilaration and euphoria)

-produces a decrease in appetite

=='''Addiction and Effects'''==
Route of administration can influence the rate of addiction and disability caused by using the drug. Smoking and injecting meth result in the largest amounts of drug being delivered most rapidly to the brain and central nervous system.
Meth is also referred to as Poor Man's Cocaine" as it generally costs the same or less than crack cocaine (ranging from $25 to $100 per gram) but because the user's body metabolizes it more slowly, the stimulation lasts much longer.

'''''Chronic, high-dose methamphetamine abusers may exhibit:'''''

-increased nervousness

-paranoia, schizophrenia-like symptoms; hallucinations

-irritability, confusion

-insomnia

-Violent and erratic behaviors (last phase of meth use)
disorganized lifestyle

-lowered resistance to illnesses

-possible brain damage

Withdrawal from high doses of meth invariably produces depression, which varies in severity and duration but may last for months or even years.

''Effects of methamphetamine on teeth and brain scans before and after use''

[[Image:Methmouth image 02.jpg]] [[Image:Meth-brain.gif]] [[Image:Mprein.jpg]]

=='''References'''==
Brain scan images from Dr. Volkow's study. Image copyright Nora Volkow/American Journal of Psychiatry.

1.http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/meth/index.html

2.http://www.mappsd.org/How%20Meth%20Affects.htm

3. http://www.stopmethaddiction.com/pic-meth-users.htm (BRAIN IMAGES)

4.http://www.stopaddiction.com/meth_history.html

It:arsine

2006-12-08T13:56:33Z

Cjg105: /* Arsine */

It:arsine

2006-12-07T20:57:40Z

Cjg105: /* Symptoms of exposure */

It:arsine

2006-12-07T20:53:09Z

Cjg105: /* Arsine */

It:arsine

2006-12-07T20:47:12Z

Cjg105: /* Arsine */

== Arsine ==
Arsine is a trihydride Arsenic compound that has uses in forensic science, synthesis of organoasenic compund and also as a semi conductor. While used in the detection of arsenic poisoning it is in itself a highly poisonous gas and must be handled with care

=== Physical Properties ===

At standard room temperature Arsine is a colourless gas, denser than air. It is normally odourless but oxidises easily in the air giving it a vague garlic like odour. It is kinetically stable at room temperature though it decomposes at around 403.15K to its thermodynamically favoured base elements hydrogen and arsenic. This process can be sped up by increased humidity, light levels and the presence of a catalyst (such as aluminium).

Boiling Point = -62.4 oC

Melting Point = -116.3 oC

Density = 1.640 gcm3 (at -62.4 oc)

=== Marsh Test ===

The Marsh test was a developed by one James Marsh as a means of detecting asenic poisoning. Body parts (typically the stomach) of a victim suspected of arsenic poisoning are reduced by zinc and sulphuric acid. If any arsenic is prsent then it is converted into gaseous Arsine that is fed through a heated tube. This will break down the arsine gas and form a black film of arsenic on the inside of the tube. This method was used during the 19th centuary and up to the middle of the 20th centuary, when it became replaced by more modern methods. The most common method of detection nowadays is neutron activation analysis.

=== Symptoms of exposure ===

While at concentrations of over 0.5 ppm a slight garlic odour is observed, much lower concentrations are still very harmful and are virtually undectable.

Upon initial exposure the victim will not suffer any symptoms for a period of up to 24 hours depending on the concentration. Then they will start to suffer symptoms including fever, chills, shivering, thirst, malaise, headache, confusion, shortness of breath, vomiting, diarhea, abdominal pain, red urine, weakness and cramping.

Poisoning may occur as the result of an inductrial accident. In parts of the world such as West Bengal and Bangladesh water supplies often become contaminated with arsenic, causing mass exposure to people living nearby.

=== Possible positive side effects ===

While generally very harmful there have been studies showing that trace amounts of arsenic may be an essential part of a balenced diet. These trace amounts can be found in most shell fish, such as prawns or oysters, and other fish such as plaice.

Roxarsone is a chemical that is given to farm animals to encourage growth. Animals that had arsenic completely removed from their diet have shown to have stunted growth linked to this change

=== References ===

[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/arsine/arsineh.htm]http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/arsine/arsineh.htm

[http://pubs3.acs.org/acs/journals/toc.page?incoden=jacsat&indecade=7&involume=59&inissue=] ''Johnson Warren C, American chemistry society journals 1937 Volume 59''

[http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=JCPSA6000122000017174310000001&idtype=cvips&prog=normal]
''Yockel Scott, Journal of Chemical Physics 2005 V122(17) P174310/1-174310/14''

It:arsine

2006-12-07T20:26:53Z

Cjg105: /* Arsine */

== Arsine ==
Arsine is a trihydride Arsenic compound that has uses in forensic science, synthesis of organoasenic compund and also as a semi conductor. While used in the detection of arsenic poisoning it is in itself a highly poisonous gas and must be handled with care

=== Physical Properties ===

At standard room temperature Arsine is a colourless gas, denser than air. It is normally odourless but oxidises easily in the air giving it a vague garlic like odour. It is kinetically stable at room temperature though it decomposes at around 403.15K to its thermodynamically favoured base elements hydrogen and arsenic. This process can be sped up by increased humidity, light levels and the presence of a catalyst (such as aluminium).

=== Marsh Test ===

The Marsh test was a developed by one James Marsh as a means of detecting asenic poisoning. Body parts (typically the stomach) of a victim suspected of arsenic poisoning are reduced by zinc and sulphuric acid. If any arsenic is prsent then it is converted into gaseous Arsine that is fed through a heated tube. This will break down the arsine gas and form a black film of arsenic on the inside of the tube. This method was used during the 19th centuary and up to the middle of the 20th centuary, when it became replaced by more modern methods. The most common method of detection nowadays is neutron activation analysis.

=== Symptoms of exposure ===

While at concentrations of over 0.5 ppm a slight garlic odour is observed, much lower concentrations are still very harmful and are virtually undectable.

Upon initial exposure the victim will not suffer any symptoms for a period of up to 24 hours depending on the concentration. Then they will start to suffer symptoms including fever, chills, shivering, thirst, malaise, headache, confusion, shortness of breath, vomiting, diarhea, abdominal pain, red urine, weakness and cramping.

Poisoning may occur as the result of an inductrial accident. In parts of the world such as West Bengal and Bangladesh water supplies often become contaminated with arsenic, causing mass exposure to people living nearby.

=== Possible positive side effects ===

While generally very harmful there have been studies showing that trace amounts of arsenic may be an essential part of a balenced diet. These trace amounts can be found in most shell fish, such as prawns or oysters, and other fish such as plaice.

Roxarsone is a chemical that is given to farm animals to encourage growth. Animals that had arsenic completely removed from their diet have shown to have stunted growth linked to this change

=== References ===

[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/arsine/arsineh.htm]http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/arsine/arsineh.htm

File:Arsine.jpg

2006-12-07T20:18:13Z

Cjg105:

It:arsine

2006-12-07T18:20:53Z

Cjg105: /* Arsine */

== Arsine ==
Arsine is a trihydride Arsenic compound that has uses in forensic science, synthesis of organoasenic compund and also as a semi conductor. While used in the detection of arsenic poisoning it is in itself a highly poisonous gas and must be handled with care

=== Physical Properties ===

At standard room temperature Arsine is a colourless gas, denser than air. It is normally odourless but oxidises easily in the air giving it a vague garlic like odour. It is kinetically stable at room temperature though it decomposes at around 403.15K to its thermodynamically favoured base elements hydrogen and arsenic. This process can be sped up by increased humidity, light levels and the presence of a catalyst (such as aluminium).

=== Marsh Test ===

The Marsh test was a developed by one James Marsh as a means of detecting asenic poisoning. Body parts (typically the stomach) of a victim suspected of arsenic poisoning are reduced by zinc and sulphuric acid. If any arsenic is prsent then it is converted into gaseous Arsine that is fed through a heated tube. This will break down the arsine gas and form a black film of arsenic on the inside of the tube. This method was used during the 19th centuary and up to the middle of the 20th centuary, when it became replaced by more modern methods. The most common method of detection nowadays is neutron activation analysis.

=== Symptoms of exposure ===

While at concentrations of over 0.5 ppm a slight garlic odour is observed, much lower concentrations are still very harmful and are virtually undectable.

Upon initial exposure the victim will not suffer any symptoms for a period of up to 24 hours depending on the concentration. Then they will start to suffer symptoms including fever, chills, shivering, thirst, malaise, headache, confusion, shortness of breath, vomiting, diarhea, abdominal pain, red urine, weakness and cramping.

Poisoning may occur as the result of an inductrial accident. In parts of the world such as West Bengal and Bangladesh water supplies often become contaminated with arsenic, causing mass exposure to people living nearby.

=== Possible positive side effects ===

While generally very harmful there have been studies showing that trace amounts of arsenic may be an essential part of a balenced diet. These trace amounts can be found in most shell fish, such as prawns or oysters, and other fish such as plaice.

Roxarsone is a chemical that is given to farm animals to encourage growth. Animals that had arsenic completely removed from their diet have shown to have stunted growth linked to this change

It:arsine

2006-12-07T17:56:50Z

Cjg105: /* Arsine */

It:arsine

2006-12-07T17:09:45Z

Cjg105: /* Arsine */

It:projects

2006-12-07T17:09:05Z

Cjg105: /* Supplemental Project Page */

__FORCETOC__

'''''You MUST use the Edit buttons on the right to edit this content. Do NOT use the Edit button on the top of this page.'''''
== Sandbox (Play-Pen) ==

This is an area where you can play without worrying what you do. Enter it by pressing the [Edit] button '''on the right''' and '''not''' at the top. Go here for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cheatsheet ''cheat sheet''] summary of how to create a Wiki page. It's a free-for-all in here! Learn how to use a Wiki by coming here! PS This is how to do Greek: Α, α, β Δ, δ
Try copying/pasting some of the [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/it/lab1.html examples in the course work] into this page. See the effect by selecting '''Show Preview'''. No not use '''Save Page''' so as to leave this area uncluttered for others.
----
{|
|NEW: This demonstrates the use of Jmol loading discrete molecule files (rather than having to paste them into the wiki page). Upload the molecule file, and invoke it as shown here. Use it for eg loading large proteins etc. Sorry about the delay in getting this working, but the cause was pretty unobvious.--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 16:07, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
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== Main Project Page ==
'''Please do not edit this page itself'''. Click on one of the titles to start editing.
{| summary="CIT Project Titles" border="1"
! bgcolor="cyan" |Project<br /> Number
! bgcolor="cyan" |General Keywords
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |01
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Lignocaine|Lignocaine (used in dentistry as a "local")]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |02
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Piperine|Piperine (active ingredient of both black and white pepper)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |03
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Rapamycin|Rapamycin (prevents transplant rejection)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |04
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Gossypol|Gossypol (male birth control)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |05
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Gentamycin|Gentamicin A (aminoglycoside antibiotic)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |06
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Herceptin|Herceptin (topical anticancer drug)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |07
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Gingerone|Zingerone (the characteristic smell of ginger)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |08
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Sucralose|Sucralose (non-metabolizable sweetening agent)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |09
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Bufotoxin|Bufotoxin (active component of the toad ''Bufo vulgaris'')]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |10
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Roaccutane|Roaccutane (treatment for severe acne)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |11
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Sibutramine|Sibutramine (appetite suppresor)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |12
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Anandamide|Anandamide (the "feel-good" factor in chocolate)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |13
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:h3nbh3|Ammonia-borane: H<sub>3</sub>N-BH<sub>3</sub> (Hydrogen storage molecule?)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |14
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Methoxsalen|Methoxsalen (Treatment of psoriasis)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |15
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Hycocine|Hyoscine (From Mandrake and Witches Henbane, pre-med before surgery)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |16
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Capreomycin|Capreomycin (Drug-resistant TB)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |17
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:wilkinson|Wilkinson's catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |18
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Jacobsen|Jacobsen's epoxidation catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |19
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Methylaluminoxane|Methylaluminoxane: MAO - hugely important ethylene polymerisation cocatalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |20
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Schwartz|Schwartz reagent for the hydrozirconation of alkenes and alkynes]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |21
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Schrock|Schrock metathesis catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |22
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:knots|Molecular-scale knots (nanoscale devices)]]
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFF00" |23
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Vioxx|Vioxx (treatment of osteoarthritis symptoms and pain)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |24
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Sertraline|Sertraline HCl (anti-depression)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |25
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Ceftriaxone|Ceftriaxone (Gonorrhoea)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |26
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Zithromycin|Zithromycin (anti-infective)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |27
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Lipitor|Lipitor (Cholesterol reducing agent)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |28
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Cyameluric Acid|Cyameluric acid (Linus Pauling's last idea!)]]
|}

== Supplemental Project Page ==

This area is for people who wish to create their own projects if none of the above appeal to them. Click on the '''Edit''' button to the right to open up an editable page,
then add an entry below as follows

*<nowiki> [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]</nowiki>
*This will produce the effect: [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]
----
*[[it:sitagliptin_page|Sitagliptin]]
*[[it:Retinal|Retinal, molecule of sight]]
*[[it:Tamoxifen|Tamoxifen, breast cancer treatment]]
*[[it:Morphine|Morphine, painkiller]]
*[[it:Pelargonidin|Pelargonidin, colouring in nature]]
*[[it:Propanil|Propanil, weedkiller]]
*[[it:Ranitidine|Ranitidine, antiulcerative]]
*[[it:chlorphentermine|chlorphentermine, anorectic]]
*[[it:Serotonin|Serotonin, The 'HAPPY' Drug]]
*[[it:Amphidinolide T1|Amphidinolide T1]]
*[[it:Rosiglitazone|Rosiglitazone, drug that is currently used to treat diabetes.]]
*[[it:Furosemide|Furosemide]]
*[[it:Tryptophan|Tryptophan]]
*[[it:methylpentynol|methylpentynol, tranquilliser.]]
*[[it:Ferrocene|Ferrocene]]
*[[it:Scopolamine|Scopolamine, the (Former) Truth Drug]]
*[[it:Camptothecin|Camptothecin,Anti-cancer agent ]]
*[[it:Salmeterol|Salmeterol, an agonist used to treat asthma]]
*[[it:Psilocin|Psilocin]]
*[[it:Epibatidine|Epibatidine]]
*[[it:Beta Carotene|Beta Carotene]]
*[[it:Thyroxine|Thyroxine, the Thyroid Hormone]]
*[[it:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]]
*[[it:Linalool|Linalool(A component of essential oil)]]
*[[it:Dihydroartemisinin| Dihydroartemisinin, An Active Anti-Malarial]]
*[[it:Acrolein|Acrolein]]
*[[it:Cinnamaldehyde|Cinnamaldehyde: The smell and taste in the spice cinnamon]]
*[[it:Melatonin|Melatonin: The All-Natural Nightcap]]
*[[it:Benzylpiperazine|Benzylpiperazine (BZP): Party Pills]]
*[[it:Vanillin|Vanillin, flavouring used in food]]
*[[it:Gingerol|Gingerol, precursor of Zingerone]]
*[[it:MSG|MSG; because everyone loves the flavour]]
*[[it:DDT|DDT, Pesticide]]
*[[it:Oseltamivir|Oseltamivir, neuraminidase inhibitor]]
*[[it:Caffeine|Caffeine]]
*[[it:Fullerene]]
*[[it:Histrionicotoxin]]
*[[it:limonene]]
*[[it:Capsanthin]]
*[[it:Safrole|Safrole: A formerly popular food and drinks additive]]
*[[it:Adenosine_Triphosphate|Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Energy source in muscles]]
*[[it:Aspartame|Aspartame: Artificial sweetener]]
*[[it:Astemizole|Astemizole:non-sedating anti-histamine]]
*[[it:Flucloxacillin|Flucloxacillin:antibiotic]]
*[[it:Quinine|Quinine: The Perfect Tonic for Any Fever]]
*[[it:Caramel|Caramel]]
*[[it:Azithromycin|Azithromycin]]
*[[it:Artemisinin|Artemisinin: An antimalarial drug]]
*[[it:Bradykinin|Bradykinin]]
*[[it:Carminic_acid|Carminic acid, Red colouring agent]]
*[[it:Oxytocin|Oxytocin: The Hormone of Love]]
*[[it:Carmoisine|Carmoisine]]
*[[it:Ziegler-Natta|Ziegler-Natta]]
*[[it:Cyclamate|Cyclamate]]
*[[it:Polyurethane|Polyurethane]]
*[[it:sexithiophene|sexithiophene]]
*[[it:Polydimethylsiloxane|Polydimethylsiloxane: Silicon-based organic polymer]]
*[[it:Lycopene|Lycopene: the red antioxidant molecule]]
*[[it:Crystal Meth|Crystal Meth]]
*[[it:Mustard Gas|Mustard Gas]]
*[[it:Saxitoxin|Shellfish Poison]]
*[[it:Luminol|Luminol: Chemiluminescence Reactions]]
*[[it:Tumor Necrosis Factor|Tumour Necrosis Factor]]
*[[it:Tamiflu|Tamiflu: Antiviral]]
*[[it:Warfarin|Warfarin: Blood thinner]]
*[[it:Vitamin C|Ascorbic acid: Vitamin C]]
*[[it:Hexahelicene|Hexahelicene]]
*[[it:Cocaine|Cocaine]]
*[[it:Eucalyptol|Eucalyptol: The main component of eucalyptus oil]]
*[[it:dichlorodifluromethane| Dichlorodifluromethane]]
*[[it:Theobromine| Theobromine]]
*[[it:Maraviroc|Maraviroc: A Potent CCR5 Antagonist for treatment of HIV]]
*[[it:Aspirin]]
*[[it:DEET|DEET]]
*[[it:PhenylButazone|PhenylButazone]]
*[[it:Epinephrine|Epinephrine]]
*[[it:Phenylmercury Acetate|Phenylmurcury Acetate]]
*[[it:Methyltestosterone|Methyltestosterone]]
*[[it:Carboplatin|Carboplatin]]
*[[it:Osmium Tetroxide|Osmium Tetroxide]]
*[[it:TNT|TNT]]
*[[it:Ethenzamide|Ethenzamide]]
*[[it:Cis-platin|Cis-platin]]
*[[it:arsine|arsine]]

=== Wiki Utillities ===
Utilities have been written to help the conversion of material from HTML.
# [http://diberri.dyndns.org/wikipedia/html2wiki/ A HTML2Wiki Converter]
----

No wiki2html converter suitable for use has yet been identified.

=== Wiki Templates ===

[[Template:DOI]] and [[Template:Doi-inline]] are providea as (protected) templates for your use. Many other templates exist, often to be found on e.g. Wikipedia pages. You may decide one of these is of particular use, or of interest. If so, you can install it on the wiki here for you and others to use. Add below a line that looks like Template:Template-name, save, and click on the red text to create the new template. If you prefer the task of adding useful templates to that of adding information about molecules, then you will be given full credit for performing this valuable service for others! --Rzepa 14:41, 20 October 2006 (BST)

[[Template:Chem-Data]]

[[Template:Drug-Box]] - For pharmaceutical drugs just copy variable names and code generates tables

[[Template:Chembox supplement]] - to be linked to from the supplementary section of the table in the template above, for usage see [[Template_talk:chembox_supplement|here]]

[[Template:NFPA_704]] - for notes on how to use, see [[Template_talk:NFPA_704|here]]

[[R & S Phrases]]

It:arsine

2006-12-07T16:48:33Z

Cjg105: /* Marsh Test */

It:projects

2006-12-07T16:47:26Z

Cjg105: /* Supplemental Project Page */

It:arsine

2006-12-07T16:44:00Z

Cjg105:

It:projects

2006-12-07T16:43:39Z

Cjg105: /* Arsine */

__FORCETOC__

'''''You MUST use the Edit buttons on the right to edit this content. Do NOT use the Edit button on the top of this page.'''''
== Sandbox (Play-Pen) ==

This is an area where you can play without worrying what you do. Enter it by pressing the [Edit] button '''on the right''' and '''not''' at the top. Go here for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cheatsheet ''cheat sheet''] summary of how to create a Wiki page. It's a free-for-all in here! Learn how to use a Wiki by coming here! PS This is how to do Greek: Α, α, β Δ, δ
Try copying/pasting some of the [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/it/lab1.html examples in the course work] into this page. See the effect by selecting '''Show Preview'''. No not use '''Save Page''' so as to leave this area uncluttered for others.
----
{|
|NEW: This demonstrates the use of Jmol loading discrete molecule files (rather than having to paste them into the wiki page). Upload the molecule file, and invoke it as shown here. Use it for eg loading large proteins etc. Sorry about the delay in getting this working, but the cause was pretty unobvious.--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 16:07, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
<center><jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<title>Pentahelicene</title><color>yellow</color>
<uploadedFileContents>Pentahelicene.mol</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolMenu>
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item>
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item>
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight>
</jmolMenu>
<jmolButton>
<script>console</script>
<text>open a console window</text>
</jmolButton>
</jmol></center>
-----
<center><jmol><jmolAppletButton><title>Show Pentahelicene in popup window</title><color>cyan</color>
<uploadedFileContents>Pentahelicene.mol</uploadedFileContents></jmolAppletButton>
</jmol></center>

== Main Project Page ==
'''Please do not edit this page itself'''. Click on one of the titles to start editing.
{| summary="CIT Project Titles" border="1"
! bgcolor="cyan" |Project<br /> Number
! bgcolor="cyan" |General Keywords
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |01
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Lignocaine|Lignocaine (used in dentistry as a "local")]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |02
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Piperine|Piperine (active ingredient of both black and white pepper)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |03
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Rapamycin|Rapamycin (prevents transplant rejection)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |04
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Gossypol|Gossypol (male birth control)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |05
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Gentamycin|Gentamicin A (aminoglycoside antibiotic)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |06
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Herceptin|Herceptin (topical anticancer drug)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |07
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Gingerone|Zingerone (the characteristic smell of ginger)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |08
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Sucralose|Sucralose (non-metabolizable sweetening agent)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |09
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Bufotoxin|Bufotoxin (active component of the toad ''Bufo vulgaris'')]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |10
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Roaccutane|Roaccutane (treatment for severe acne)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |11
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Sibutramine|Sibutramine (appetite suppresor)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |12
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Anandamide|Anandamide (the "feel-good" factor in chocolate)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |13
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:h3nbh3|Ammonia-borane: H<sub>3</sub>N-BH<sub>3</sub> (Hydrogen storage molecule?)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |14
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Methoxsalen|Methoxsalen (Treatment of psoriasis)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |15
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Hycocine|Hyoscine (From Mandrake and Witches Henbane, pre-med before surgery)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |16
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Capreomycin|Capreomycin (Drug-resistant TB)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |17
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:wilkinson|Wilkinson's catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |18
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Jacobsen|Jacobsen's epoxidation catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |19
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Methylaluminoxane|Methylaluminoxane: MAO - hugely important ethylene polymerisation cocatalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |20
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Schwartz|Schwartz reagent for the hydrozirconation of alkenes and alkynes]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |21
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Schrock|Schrock metathesis catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |22
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:knots|Molecular-scale knots (nanoscale devices)]]
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFF00" |23
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Vioxx|Vioxx (treatment of osteoarthritis symptoms and pain)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |24
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Sertraline|Sertraline HCl (anti-depression)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |25
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Ceftriaxone|Ceftriaxone (Gonorrhoea)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |26
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Zithromycin|Zithromycin (anti-infective)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |27
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Lipitor|Lipitor (Cholesterol reducing agent)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |28
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Cyameluric Acid|Cyameluric acid (Linus Pauling's last idea!)]]
|}

== Supplemental Project Page ==

This area is for people who wish to create their own projects if none of the above appeal to them. Click on the '''Edit''' button to the right to open up an editable page,
then add an entry below as follows

*<nowiki> [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]</nowiki>
*This will produce the effect: [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]
----
*[[it:sitagliptin_page|Sitagliptin]]
*[[it:Retinal|Retinal, molecule of sight]]
*[[it:Tamoxifen|Tamoxifen, breast cancer treatment]]
*[[it:Morphine|Morphine, painkiller]]
*[[it:Pelargonidin|Pelargonidin, colouring in nature]]
*[[it:Propanil|Propanil, weedkiller]]
*[[it:Ranitidine|Ranitidine, antiulcerative]]
*[[it:chlorphentermine|chlorphentermine, anorectic]]
*[[it:Serotonin|Serotonin, The 'HAPPY' Drug]]
*[[it:Amphidinolide T1|Amphidinolide T1]]
*[[it:Rosiglitazone|Rosiglitazone, drug that is currently used to treat diabetes.]]
*[[it:Furosemide|Furosemide]]
*[[it:Tryptophan|Tryptophan]]
*[[it:methylpentynol|methylpentynol, tranquilliser.]]
*[[it:Ferrocene|Ferrocene]]
*[[it:Scopolamine|Scopolamine, the (Former) Truth Drug]]
*[[it:Camptothecin|Camptothecin,Anti-cancer agent ]]
*[[it:Salmeterol|Salmeterol, an agonist used to treat asthma]]
*[[it:Psilocin|Psilocin]]
*[[it:Epibatidine|Epibatidine]]
*[[it:Beta Carotene|Beta Carotene]]
*[[it:Thyroxine|Thyroxine, the Thyroid Hormone]]
*[[it:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]]
*[[it:Linalool|Linalool(A component of essential oil)]]
*[[it:Dihydroartemisinin| Dihydroartemisinin, An Active Anti-Malarial]]
*[[it:Acrolein|Acrolein]]
*[[it:Cinnamaldehyde|Cinnamaldehyde: The smell and taste in the spice cinnamon]]
*[[it:Melatonin|Melatonin: The All-Natural Nightcap]]
*[[it:Benzylpiperazine|Benzylpiperazine (BZP): Party Pills]]
*[[it:Vanillin|Vanillin, flavouring used in food]]
*[[it:Gingerol|Gingerol, precursor of Zingerone]]
*[[it:MSG|MSG; because everyone loves the flavour]]
*[[it:DDT|DDT, Pesticide]]
*[[it:Oseltamivir|Oseltamivir, neuraminidase inhibitor]]
*[[it:Caffeine|Caffeine]]
*[[it:Fullerene]]
*[[it:Histrionicotoxin]]
*[[it:limonene]]
*[[it:Capsanthin]]
*[[it:Safrole|Safrole: A formerly popular food and drinks additive]]
*[[it:Adenosine_Triphosphate|Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Energy source in muscles]]
*[[it:Aspartame|Aspartame: Artificial sweetener]]
*[[it:Astemizole|Astemizole:non-sedating anti-histamine]]
*[[it:Flucloxacillin|Flucloxacillin:antibiotic]]
*[[it:Quinine|Quinine: The Perfect Tonic for Any Fever]]
*[[it:Caramel|Caramel]]
*[[it:Azithromycin|Azithromycin]]
*[[it:Artemisinin|Artemisinin: An antimalarial drug]]
*[[it:Bradykinin|Bradykinin]]
*[[it:Carminic_acid|Carminic acid, Red colouring agent]]
*[[it:Oxytocin|Oxytocin: The Hormone of Love]]
*[[it:Carmoisine|Carmoisine]]
*[[it:Ziegler-Natta|Ziegler-Natta]]
*[[it:Cyclamate|Cyclamate]]
*[[it:Polyurethane|Polyurethane]]
*[[it:sexithiophene|sexithiophene]]
*[[it:Polydimethylsiloxane|Polydimethylsiloxane: Silicon-based organic polymer]]
*[[it:Lycopene|Lycopene: the red antioxidant molecule]]
*[[it:Crystal Meth|Crystal Meth]]
*[[it:Mustard Gas|Mustard Gas]]
*[[it:Saxitoxin|Shellfish Poison]]
*[[it:Luminol|Luminol: Chemiluminescence Reactions]]
*[[it:Tumor Necrosis Factor|Tumour Necrosis Factor]]
*[[it:Tamiflu|Tamiflu: Antiviral]]
*[[it:Warfarin|Warfarin: Blood thinner]]
*[[it:Vitamin C|Ascorbic acid: Vitamin C]]
*[[it:Hexahelicene|Hexahelicene]]
*[[it:Cocaine|Cocaine]]
*[[it:Eucalyptol|Eucalyptol: The main component of eucalyptus oil]]
*[[it:dichlorodifluromethane| Dichlorodifluromethane]]
*[[it:Theobromine| Theobromine]]
*[[it:Maraviroc|Maraviroc: A Potent CCR5 Antagonist for treatment of HIV]]
*[[it:Aspirin]]
*[[it:DEET|DEET]]
*[[it:PhenylButazone|PhenylButazone]]
*[[it:Epinephrine|Epinephrine]]
*[[it:Phenylmercury Acetate|Phenylmurcury Acetate]]
*[[it:Methyltestosterone|Methyltestosterone]]
*[[it:Carboplatin|Carboplatin]]
*[[it:Osmium Tetroxide|Osmium Tetroxide]]
*[[it:TNT|TNT]]
*[[it:Ethenzamide|Ethenzamide]]
*[[it:Cis-platin|Cis-platin]]

[[it:arsine|toxic gas important to the history of forensic science]]

It:projects

2006-12-07T16:42:46Z

Cjg105: /* Arsine */

__FORCETOC__

'''''You MUST use the Edit buttons on the right to edit this content. Do NOT use the Edit button on the top of this page.'''''
== Sandbox (Play-Pen) ==

This is an area where you can play without worrying what you do. Enter it by pressing the [Edit] button '''on the right''' and '''not''' at the top. Go here for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cheatsheet ''cheat sheet''] summary of how to create a Wiki page. It's a free-for-all in here! Learn how to use a Wiki by coming here! PS This is how to do Greek: Α, α, β Δ, δ
Try copying/pasting some of the [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/it/lab1.html examples in the course work] into this page. See the effect by selecting '''Show Preview'''. No not use '''Save Page''' so as to leave this area uncluttered for others.
----
{|
|NEW: This demonstrates the use of Jmol loading discrete molecule files (rather than having to paste them into the wiki page). Upload the molecule file, and invoke it as shown here. Use it for eg loading large proteins etc. Sorry about the delay in getting this working, but the cause was pretty unobvious.--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 16:07, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
<center><jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<title>Pentahelicene</title><color>yellow</color>
<uploadedFileContents>Pentahelicene.mol</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolMenu>
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item>
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item>
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight>
</jmolMenu>
<jmolButton>
<script>console</script>
<text>open a console window</text>
</jmolButton>
</jmol></center>
-----
<center><jmol><jmolAppletButton><title>Show Pentahelicene in popup window</title><color>cyan</color>
<uploadedFileContents>Pentahelicene.mol</uploadedFileContents></jmolAppletButton>
</jmol></center>

== Main Project Page ==
'''Please do not edit this page itself'''. Click on one of the titles to start editing.
{| summary="CIT Project Titles" border="1"
! bgcolor="cyan" |Project<br /> Number
! bgcolor="cyan" |General Keywords
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |01
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Lignocaine|Lignocaine (used in dentistry as a "local")]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |02
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Piperine|Piperine (active ingredient of both black and white pepper)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |03
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Rapamycin|Rapamycin (prevents transplant rejection)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |04
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Gossypol|Gossypol (male birth control)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |05
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Gentamycin|Gentamicin A (aminoglycoside antibiotic)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |06
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Herceptin|Herceptin (topical anticancer drug)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |07
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Gingerone|Zingerone (the characteristic smell of ginger)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |08
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Sucralose|Sucralose (non-metabolizable sweetening agent)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |09
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Bufotoxin|Bufotoxin (active component of the toad ''Bufo vulgaris'')]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |10
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Roaccutane|Roaccutane (treatment for severe acne)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |11
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Sibutramine|Sibutramine (appetite suppresor)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |12
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Anandamide|Anandamide (the "feel-good" factor in chocolate)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |13
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:h3nbh3|Ammonia-borane: H<sub>3</sub>N-BH<sub>3</sub> (Hydrogen storage molecule?)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |14
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Methoxsalen|Methoxsalen (Treatment of psoriasis)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |15
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Hycocine|Hyoscine (From Mandrake and Witches Henbane, pre-med before surgery)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |16
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Capreomycin|Capreomycin (Drug-resistant TB)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |17
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:wilkinson|Wilkinson's catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |18
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Jacobsen|Jacobsen's epoxidation catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |19
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Methylaluminoxane|Methylaluminoxane: MAO - hugely important ethylene polymerisation cocatalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |20
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Schwartz|Schwartz reagent for the hydrozirconation of alkenes and alkynes]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |21
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Schrock|Schrock metathesis catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |22
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:knots|Molecular-scale knots (nanoscale devices)]]
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFF00" |23
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Vioxx|Vioxx (treatment of osteoarthritis symptoms and pain)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |24
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Sertraline|Sertraline HCl (anti-depression)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |25
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Ceftriaxone|Ceftriaxone (Gonorrhoea)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |26
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Zithromycin|Zithromycin (anti-infective)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |27
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Lipitor|Lipitor (Cholesterol reducing agent)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |28
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Cyameluric Acid|Cyameluric acid (Linus Pauling's last idea!)]]
|}

== Supplemental Project Page ==

This area is for people who wish to create their own projects if none of the above appeal to them. Click on the '''Edit''' button to the right to open up an editable page,
then add an entry below as follows

*<nowiki> [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]</nowiki>
*This will produce the effect: [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]
----
*[[it:sitagliptin_page|Sitagliptin]]
*[[it:Retinal|Retinal, molecule of sight]]
*[[it:Tamoxifen|Tamoxifen, breast cancer treatment]]
*[[it:Morphine|Morphine, painkiller]]
*[[it:Pelargonidin|Pelargonidin, colouring in nature]]
*[[it:Propanil|Propanil, weedkiller]]
*[[it:Ranitidine|Ranitidine, antiulcerative]]
*[[it:chlorphentermine|chlorphentermine, anorectic]]
*[[it:Serotonin|Serotonin, The 'HAPPY' Drug]]
*[[it:Amphidinolide T1|Amphidinolide T1]]
*[[it:Rosiglitazone|Rosiglitazone, drug that is currently used to treat diabetes.]]
*[[it:Furosemide|Furosemide]]
*[[it:Tryptophan|Tryptophan]]
*[[it:methylpentynol|methylpentynol, tranquilliser.]]
*[[it:Ferrocene|Ferrocene]]
*[[it:Scopolamine|Scopolamine, the (Former) Truth Drug]]
*[[it:Camptothecin|Camptothecin,Anti-cancer agent ]]
*[[it:Salmeterol|Salmeterol, an agonist used to treat asthma]]
*[[it:Psilocin|Psilocin]]
*[[it:Epibatidine|Epibatidine]]
*[[it:Beta Carotene|Beta Carotene]]
*[[it:Thyroxine|Thyroxine, the Thyroid Hormone]]
*[[it:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]]
*[[it:Linalool|Linalool(A component of essential oil)]]
*[[it:Dihydroartemisinin| Dihydroartemisinin, An Active Anti-Malarial]]
*[[it:Acrolein|Acrolein]]
*[[it:Cinnamaldehyde|Cinnamaldehyde: The smell and taste in the spice cinnamon]]
*[[it:Melatonin|Melatonin: The All-Natural Nightcap]]
*[[it:Benzylpiperazine|Benzylpiperazine (BZP): Party Pills]]
*[[it:Vanillin|Vanillin, flavouring used in food]]
*[[it:Gingerol|Gingerol, precursor of Zingerone]]
*[[it:MSG|MSG; because everyone loves the flavour]]
*[[it:DDT|DDT, Pesticide]]
*[[it:Oseltamivir|Oseltamivir, neuraminidase inhibitor]]
*[[it:Caffeine|Caffeine]]
*[[it:Fullerene]]
*[[it:Histrionicotoxin]]
*[[it:limonene]]
*[[it:Capsanthin]]
*[[it:Safrole|Safrole: A formerly popular food and drinks additive]]
*[[it:Adenosine_Triphosphate|Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Energy source in muscles]]
*[[it:Aspartame|Aspartame: Artificial sweetener]]
*[[it:Astemizole|Astemizole:non-sedating anti-histamine]]
*[[it:Flucloxacillin|Flucloxacillin:antibiotic]]
*[[it:Quinine|Quinine: The Perfect Tonic for Any Fever]]
*[[it:Caramel|Caramel]]
*[[it:Azithromycin|Azithromycin]]
*[[it:Artemisinin|Artemisinin: An antimalarial drug]]
*[[it:Bradykinin|Bradykinin]]
*[[it:Carminic_acid|Carminic acid, Red colouring agent]]
*[[it:Oxytocin|Oxytocin: The Hormone of Love]]
*[[it:Carmoisine|Carmoisine]]
*[[it:Ziegler-Natta|Ziegler-Natta]]
*[[it:Cyclamate|Cyclamate]]
*[[it:Polyurethane|Polyurethane]]
*[[it:sexithiophene|sexithiophene]]
*[[it:Polydimethylsiloxane|Polydimethylsiloxane: Silicon-based organic polymer]]
*[[it:Lycopene|Lycopene: the red antioxidant molecule]]
*[[it:Crystal Meth|Crystal Meth]]
*[[it:Mustard Gas|Mustard Gas]]
*[[it:Saxitoxin|Shellfish Poison]]
*[[it:Luminol|Luminol: Chemiluminescence Reactions]]
*[[it:Tumor Necrosis Factor|Tumour Necrosis Factor]]
*[[it:Tamiflu|Tamiflu: Antiviral]]
*[[it:Warfarin|Warfarin: Blood thinner]]
*[[it:Vitamin C|Ascorbic acid: Vitamin C]]
*[[it:Hexahelicene|Hexahelicene]]
*[[it:Cocaine|Cocaine]]
*[[it:Eucalyptol|Eucalyptol: The main component of eucalyptus oil]]
*[[it:dichlorodifluromethane| Dichlorodifluromethane]]
*[[it:Theobromine| Theobromine]]
*[[it:Maraviroc|Maraviroc: A Potent CCR5 Antagonist for treatment of HIV]]
*[[it:Aspirin]]
*[[it:DEET|DEET]]
*[[it:PhenylButazone|PhenylButazone]]
*[[it:Epinephrine|Epinephrine]]
*[[it:Phenylmercury Acetate|Phenylmurcury Acetate]]
*[[it:Methyltestosterone|Methyltestosterone]]
*[[it:Carboplatin|Carboplatin]]
*[[it:Osmium Tetroxide|Osmium Tetroxide]]
*[[it:TNT|TNT]]
*[[it:Ethenzamide|Ethenzamide]]
*[[it:Cis-platin|Cis-platin]]

[[it:arsine|toxic gas important to the history of forensic science]]

== Arsine ==
Arsine is a trihydride Arsenic compound that has uses in forensic science, synthesis of organoasenic compund and also as a semi conductor. While used in the detection of arsenic poisoning it is in itself a highly poisonous gas and must be handled with care

# [http://diberri.dyndns.org/wikipedia/html2wiki/ A HTML2Wiki Converter]

=== Marsh Test ===

The Marsh test was a developed by one James Marsh as a means of detecting asenic poisoning. Body parts (typically the stomach) of a victim suspected of arsenic poisoning are reduced by zinc and sulphuric acid. If any arsenic is prsent then it is converted into gaseous Arsine that is fed through a heated tube. This will break down the arsine gas and form a black film of arsenic on the inside of the tube. This method was used during the 19th centuary and up to the middle of the 20th centuary, when it became replaced by more modern methods. The most common method of detection nowadays is neutron activation analysis.

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[[Template:Chem-Data]]

[[Template:Drug-Box]] - For pharmaceutical drugs just copy variable names and code generates tables

[[Template:Chembox supplement]] - to be linked to from the supplementary section of the table in the template above, for usage see [[Template_talk:chembox_supplement|here]]

[[Template:NFPA_704]] - for notes on how to use, see [[Template_talk:NFPA_704|here]]

[[R & S Phrases]]

It:projects

2006-12-07T16:10:13Z

Cjg105: /* Wiki Utillities */

__FORCETOC__

'''''You MUST use the Edit buttons on the right to edit this content. Do NOT use the Edit button on the top of this page.'''''
== Sandbox (Play-Pen) ==

This is an area where you can play without worrying what you do. Enter it by pressing the [Edit] button '''on the right''' and '''not''' at the top. Go here for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cheatsheet ''cheat sheet''] summary of how to create a Wiki page. It's a free-for-all in here! Learn how to use a Wiki by coming here! PS This is how to do Greek: Α, α, β Δ, δ
Try copying/pasting some of the [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/it/lab1.html examples in the course work] into this page. See the effect by selecting '''Show Preview'''. No not use '''Save Page''' so as to leave this area uncluttered for others.
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{|
|NEW: This demonstrates the use of Jmol loading discrete molecule files (rather than having to paste them into the wiki page). Upload the molecule file, and invoke it as shown here. Use it for eg loading large proteins etc. Sorry about the delay in getting this working, but the cause was pretty unobvious.--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 16:07, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
<center><jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<title>Pentahelicene</title><color>yellow</color>
<uploadedFileContents>Pentahelicene.mol</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolMenu>
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item>
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item>
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight>
</jmolMenu>
<jmolButton>
<script>console</script>
<text>open a console window</text>
</jmolButton>
</jmol></center>
-----
<center><jmol><jmolAppletButton><title>Show Pentahelicene in popup window</title><color>cyan</color>
<uploadedFileContents>Pentahelicene.mol</uploadedFileContents></jmolAppletButton>
</jmol></center>

== Main Project Page ==
'''Please do not edit this page itself'''. Click on one of the titles to start editing.
{| summary="CIT Project Titles" border="1"
! bgcolor="cyan" |Project<br /> Number
! bgcolor="cyan" |General Keywords
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |01
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Lignocaine|Lignocaine (used in dentistry as a "local")]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |02
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Piperine|Piperine (active ingredient of both black and white pepper)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |03
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Rapamycin|Rapamycin (prevents transplant rejection)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |04
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Gossypol|Gossypol (male birth control)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |05
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Gentamycin|Gentamicin A (aminoglycoside antibiotic)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |06
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Herceptin|Herceptin (topical anticancer drug)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |07
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Gingerone|Zingerone (the characteristic smell of ginger)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |08
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Sucralose|Sucralose (non-metabolizable sweetening agent)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |09
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Bufotoxin|Bufotoxin (active component of the toad ''Bufo vulgaris'')]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |10
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Roaccutane|Roaccutane (treatment for severe acne)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |11
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Sibutramine|Sibutramine (appetite suppresor)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |12
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Anandamide|Anandamide (the "feel-good" factor in chocolate)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |13
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:h3nbh3|Ammonia-borane: H<sub>3</sub>N-BH<sub>3</sub> (Hydrogen storage molecule?)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |14
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Methoxsalen|Methoxsalen (Treatment of psoriasis)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |15
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Hycocine|Hyoscine (From Mandrake and Witches Henbane, pre-med before surgery)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |16
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Capreomycin|Capreomycin (Drug-resistant TB)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |17
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:wilkinson|Wilkinson's catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |18
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Jacobsen|Jacobsen's epoxidation catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |19
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Methylaluminoxane|Methylaluminoxane: MAO - hugely important ethylene polymerisation cocatalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |20
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Schwartz|Schwartz reagent for the hydrozirconation of alkenes and alkynes]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |21
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Schrock|Schrock metathesis catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |22
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:knots|Molecular-scale knots (nanoscale devices)]]
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFF00" |23
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Vioxx|Vioxx (treatment of osteoarthritis symptoms and pain)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |24
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Sertraline|Sertraline HCl (anti-depression)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |25
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Ceftriaxone|Ceftriaxone (Gonorrhoea)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |26
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Zithromycin|Zithromycin (anti-infective)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |27
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Lipitor|Lipitor (Cholesterol reducing agent)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |28
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Cyameluric Acid|Cyameluric acid (Linus Pauling's last idea!)]]
|}

== Supplemental Project Page ==

This area is for people who wish to create their own projects if none of the above appeal to them. Click on the '''Edit''' button to the right to open up an editable page,
then add an entry below as follows

*<nowiki> [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]</nowiki>
*This will produce the effect: [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]
----
*[[it:sitagliptin_page|Sitagliptin]]
*[[it:Retinal|Retinal, molecule of sight]]
*[[it:Tamoxifen|Tamoxifen, breast cancer treatment]]
*[[it:Morphine|Morphine, painkiller]]
*[[it:Pelargonidin|Pelargonidin, colouring in nature]]
*[[it:Propanil|Propanil, weedkiller]]
*[[it:Ranitidine|Ranitidine, antiulcerative]]
*[[it:chlorphentermine|chlorphentermine, anorectic]]
*[[it:Serotonin|Serotonin, The 'HAPPY' Drug]]
*[[it:Amphidinolide T1|Amphidinolide T1]]
*[[it:Rosiglitazone|Rosiglitazone, drug that is currently used to treat diabetes.]]
*[[it:Furosemide|Furosemide]]
*[[it:Tryptophan|Tryptophan]]
*[[it:methylpentynol|methylpentynol, tranquilliser.]]
*[[it:Ferrocene|Ferrocene]]
*[[it:Scopolamine|Scopolamine, the (Former) Truth Drug]]
*[[it:Camptothecin|Camptothecin,Anti-cancer agent ]]
*[[it:Salmeterol|Salmeterol, an agonist used to treat asthma]]
*[[it:Psilocin|Psilocin]]
*[[it:Epibatidine|Epibatidine]]
*[[it:Beta Carotene|Beta Carotene]]
*[[it:Thyroxine|Thyroxine, the Thyroid Hormone]]
*[[it:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]]
*[[it:Linalool|Linalool(A component of essential oil)]]
*[[it:Dihydroartemisinin| Dihydroartemisinin, An Active Anti-Malarial]]
*[[it:Acrolein|Acrolein]]
*[[it:Cinnamaldehyde|Cinnamaldehyde: The smell and taste in the spice cinnamon]]
*[[it:Melatonin|Melatonin: The All-Natural Nightcap]]
*[[it:Benzylpiperazine|Benzylpiperazine (BZP): Party Pills]]
*[[it:Vanillin|Vanillin, flavouring used in food]]
*[[it:Gingerol|Gingerol, precursor of Zingerone]]
*[[it:MSG|MSG; because everyone loves the flavour]]
*[[it:DDT|DDT, Pesticide]]
*[[it:Oseltamivir|Oseltamivir, neuraminidase inhibitor]]
*[[it:Caffeine|Caffeine]]
*[[it:Fullerene]]
*[[it:Histrionicotoxin]]
*[[it:limonene]]
*[[it:Capsanthin]]
*[[it:Safrole|Safrole: A formerly popular food and drinks additive]]
*[[it:Adenosine_Triphosphate|Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Energy source in muscles]]
*[[it:Aspartame|Aspartame: Artificial sweetener]]
*[[it:Astemizole|Astemizole:non-sedating anti-histamine]]
*[[it:Flucloxacillin|Flucloxacillin:antibiotic]]
*[[it:Quinine|Quinine: The Perfect Tonic for Any Fever]]
*[[it:Caramel|Caramel]]
*[[it:Azithromycin|Azithromycin]]
*[[it:Artemisinin|Artemisinin: An antimalarial drug]]
*[[it:Bradykinin|Bradykinin]]
*[[it:Carminic_acid|Carminic acid, Red colouring agent]]
*[[it:Oxytocin|Oxytocin: The Hormone of Love]]
*[[it:Carmoisine|Carmoisine]]
*[[it:Ziegler-Natta|Ziegler-Natta]]
*[[it:Cyclamate|Cyclamate]]
*[[it:Polyurethane|Polyurethane]]
*[[it:sexithiophene|sexithiophene]]
*[[it:Polydimethylsiloxane|Polydimethylsiloxane: Silicon-based organic polymer]]
*[[it:Lycopene|Lycopene: the red antioxidant molecule]]
*[[it:Crystal Meth|Crystal Meth]]
*[[it:Mustard Gas|Mustard Gas]]
*[[it:Saxitoxin|Shellfish Poison]]
*[[it:Luminol|Luminol: Chemiluminescence Reactions]]
*[[it:Tumor Necrosis Factor|Tumour Necrosis Factor]]
*[[it:Tamiflu|Tamiflu: Antiviral]]
*[[it:Warfarin|Warfarin: Blood thinner]]
*[[it:Vitamin C|Ascorbic acid: Vitamin C]]
*[[it:Hexahelicene|Hexahelicene]]
*[[it:Cocaine|Cocaine]]
*[[it:Eucalyptol|Eucalyptol: The main component of eucalyptus oil]]
*[[it:dichlorodifluromethane| Dichlorodifluromethane]]
*[[it:Theobromine| Theobromine]]
*[[it:Maraviroc|Maraviroc: A Potent CCR5 Antagonist for treatment of HIV]]
*[[it:Aspirin]]
*[[it:DEET|DEET]]
*[[it:PhenylButazone|PhenylButazone]]
*[[it:Epinephrine|Epinephrine]]
*[[it:Phenylmercury Acetate|Phenylmurcury Acetate]]
*[[it:Methyltestosterone|Methyltestosterone]]
*[[it:Carboplatin|Carboplatin]]
*[[it:Osmium Tetroxide|Osmium Tetroxide]]
*[[it:TNT|TNT]]
*[[it:Ethenzamide|Ethenzamide]]

== Arsine ==
Arsine is a trihydride Arsenic compound that has uses in forensic science, synthesis of organoasenic compund and also as a semi conductor. While used in the detection of arsenic poisoning it is in itself a highly poisonous gas and must be handled with care

# [http://diberri.dyndns.org/wikipedia/html2wiki/ A HTML2Wiki Converter]

=== Marsh Test ===

The Marsh test was a developed by one James Marsh as a means of detecting asenic poisoning. Body parts (typically the stomach) of a victim suspected of arsenic poisoning are reduced by zinc and sulphuric acid. If any arsenic is prsent then it is converted into gaseous Arsine that is fed through a heated tube. This will break down the arsine gas and form a black film of arsenic on the inside of the tube. This method was used during the 19th centuary and up to the middle of the 20th centuary, when it became replaced by more modern methods. The most common method of detection nowadays is neutron activation analysis.

----
[[Template:Chem-Data]]

[[Template:Drug-Box]] - For pharmaceutical drugs just copy variable names and code generates tables

[[Template:Chembox supplement]] - to be linked to from the supplementary section of the table in the template above, for usage see [[Template_talk:chembox_supplement|here]]

[[Template:NFPA_704]] - for notes on how to use, see [[Template_talk:NFPA_704|here]]

[[R & S Phrases]]